What condition affects the determination of Vmca?

The determination of Vmca, which stands for minimum control speed air, is primarily influenced by the aircraft's weight and balance. Vmca is the speed below which the airplane cannot maintain controlled flight with one engine inoperative and is critical for assessing flight safety during certain phases of flight, particularly during takeoff and initial climb.

When considering weight and balance, an increase in the aircraft's weight or a significant shift in balance (center of gravity) can alter the aerodynamic characteristics of the aircraft. For example, a heavier aircraft may require a higher minimum control speed to maintain directional control, while a change in balance can affect the yaw and roll moments, influencing the effectiveness of the remaining operational engine versus the aerodynamic stability of the aircraft.

While wind conditions, runway surface quality, and weather conditions can impact overall flight safety and performance, they do not directly change the inherent aerodynamic parameters that govern Vmca. Therefore, weight and balance are critical factors in determining this specific airspeed.