What causes ballooning during landing?

Ballooning during landing is primarily caused by an abrupt or over rotation in the flare phase of the landing. When a pilot executes a flare, they are meant to gradually raise the nose of the aircraft to transition from the descent to a landing attitude just before touchdown. If this motion is overly aggressive or done too quickly, it can result in the aircraft climbing momentarily instead of settling onto the runway.

During an excessive flare, the aircraft's angle of attack increases significantly, which can create a lift surge that causes the aircraft to rise or ‘balloon’ back into the air rather than landing smoothly. This undesired motion can lead to complications, such as the need for a go-around if the situation is not corrected quickly.

Understanding the mechanics of this process is critical for pilots in executing landings safely. Techniques to avoid ballooning include practicing controlled flares and ensuring that the approach speed and descent rates are appropriate for the aircraft type and current conditions.